Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Written by
Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

In The camera lens market, you find two main categories the first and the third party lenses.  First-party lenses are the ones made by the companies that manufacture the most popular camera brands. These include big names like Canon, Nikon, Sony, Olympus, and Pentax.

On the other hand, a third-party camera lens is one that has been developed by a different company than those who built your camera’s body. These include well-known names like Sigma, Tamron, ZEISS, Rokinon, Samyang, and Tokina.

Why use third-party lenses

One of the most common reasons is price, as third-party lenses tend to be more affordable than their first-party counterparts. a third-party lens may offer a specific focal length and aperture combination that’s not offered by the camera’s brand.

Additionally, a third-party lens could offer faster autofocus, a lighter or more portable build, or fewer image quality issues such as chromatic aberrations or focus breathing.

For example, one of our favorite third-party E-mount lenses is the Sigma 85mm F1.4 DG DN Art. When we compared it to the Sony 85mm F1.4 GM lens, we found it offered comparable performance capabilities, a smaller and lighter build, and a more affordable price tag.

What is Sony E-mount?

The Sony E-mount is a lens mount developed by Sony for use in cameras and camcorders. It is designed for both full-frame E-mount mirrorless digital cameras and APS-C-sized E-mount cameras. For more information about Sony E mount, check my post “Sony Digital Camera Lenses- The Best Picks

Sigma lenses product lines

SIGMA is organizing all its interchangeable lenses into three product lines. Each line has its own clearly defined concept.

  • Art line

These lenses reach the high standards demanded by photographers with an artistic, creative inclination. The Sigma Art line is intended to help photographers come up with the best photos. This is why these lenses offer the best optical performance, and advanced technology, not to mention dust-and-splash resistant construction.

The Art line includes a wide range of lenses. It has prime and zoom lenses. And it also features wide-angle and standard view lenses.

  • Sport line

Sports line lenses provide an amazing long telephoto capability, along with super-tough build quality that holds up to the most extreme conditions. The Sport is reportedly sharper, has faster autofocus, is more ruggedly built, and boasts better weather sealing. The Sports lens line is aimed at the “pro” market.

  • Contemporary line

The Contemporary lenses are compact, high-quality, and affordable, to meet the needs of a wide audience of creators who simply want great images and product quality that doesn’t break the bank.

Simply, a Contemporary lens has the advantage of being smaller, lighter, and more affordable, and chances are it’ll be all the lens you need for almost any situation.

Sigma lens abbreviations

Lens abbreviations save you the trouble of going through lens or camera manuals to find out what you can achieve from each scene. The table below lists the abbreviation system used by Sigma for its lenses, what these abbreviations stand for and how they can work for you.

Abb.MeaningEffect
AArtArt lens product line
APOApochromaticReduce chromatic aberration and other lens aberrations
ASPAsphericalReduce aspherical aberrations.
CContemporaryContemporary lens product line
CONVTeleconverter compatiblecan be used with Sigma APO Teleconverters
DCDesigned for APS-C
DGDesigned for full-frame
DN Designed for mirrorless cameras
ELDExtraordinary Low DispersionReduse chromatic aberrations
EXProfessional  Prime Lensmaintain max f-stop regardless of zoom
FLDFluorite, Low DispersionReduce chromatic aberrations
HSMHyper Sonic MotorSilent and fast autofocusing
IFInternal FocusingAdjust focus without changing the length of the lens barrel
OSOptical Image StabilisationReduce camera shake with handheld shots
RFRear FocusingFocus using rear elements, making them faster and quieter than front-focusing
SSportSport Lens product line
SLDSpecial Low DispersionReduce chromatic aberrations

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Example of Sigma Lens Abbreviation: Sigma 17-50mm 1:2.8 EX DC OS HSM FLD

The lens abbreviations tell us the following:

  • It is a zoom lens with a focal length range: of 17mm to 50mm
  • It has a maximum aperture of f/2.8
  • It’s of a professional standard (EX)
  • It is designed for a crop sensor (APS-C) camera (DC)
  • It has optical image stabilization (OS)
  • The lens has a hypersonic motor (HSM)
  • It employs a fluorite low dispersion lens element (FLD)

Sigma Lenses for Sony E Mount

The below list shows our recommended Sigma lenses for both full-frame and crop sensor Sony mirrorless cameras with E mount.

  1. Sigma DC DN Contemporary 16mm f/1.4    
  2. Sigma DC DN Contemporary 30mm f/1.4     
  3. Sigma DC DN Contemporary 18-50mm f/2.8      
  4. Sigma DC DN Contemporary 56mm f/1.4    
  5. Sigma DG DN Art 14-24mm f/2.8    
  6. Sigma DG DN Contemporary 24mm f/2      
  7. Sigma DG DN Art 35mm f/1.4     
  8. Sigma DG DN Art 24-70mm f/2.8   
  9. Sigma DG DN Art 85mm f/1.4     
  10. Sigma DG DN Art 105mm f/2.8 macro  
  11. Sigma DG DN OS Sports 150-600mm f/5-6.3    

1- Sigma DC DN Contemporary 16mm f/1.4

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

APS-C   Contemporary

Mixing a comfortable wide-angle design with an ultra-fast maximum aperture, the 16mm f/1.4 DC DN is part of Sigma’s Contemporary series of lenses and is designed for use with APS-C-format Sony E-mount mirrorless cameras.

Characterized by its bright f/1.4 maximum aperture, this lens is adept at working in low-light conditions and affords increased control over the depth of field for selective focus control.

Specifications

Focal Length16mm (35mm Equivalent Focal Length: 24mm)
Maximum Aperturef/1.4
Minimum Aperturef/16
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageAPS-C
Angle of View83.2°
Minimum Focus Distance9.8" / 25 cm
Maximum Magnification0.1x
Optical Design16 Elements in 13 Groups
Diaphragm Blades9, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size67 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)2.84 x 3.63" / 72.2 x 92.3 mm
Weight14.29 oz / 405 g

Pros & Cons

ProsCons
Well-built.Lack of image stabilization
Compact and light
Fast and accurate autofocus.
Superb image quality.

Back


2- Sigma DC DN Contemporary 30mm f/1.4

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

APS-C   Contemporary

A fast, versatile prime, this 30mm f/1.4 DC DN Contemporary Lens from Sigma is designed for use with APS-C-format Sony E-mount mirrorless cameras. The bright f/1.4 maximum aperture benefits working in low-light conditions and affords extensive control over the depth of field for using selective focus techniques.

Additionally, benefitting both stills shooting and video recording, this compact prime also incorporates a stepping AF motor for smooth, near-silent autofocus performance.

Specifications

Focal Length30mm (35mm Equivalent Focal Length: 45mm)
Maximum Aperturef/1.4
Minimum Aperturef/16
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageAPS-C
Angle of View50.7°
Minimum Focus Distance11.81" / 30 cm
Maximum Magnification0.14x
Optical Design9 Elements in 7 Groups
Diaphragm Blades9, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size52 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)2.55 x 2.89" / 64.8 x 73.3 mm
Weight9.35 oz / 265 g

Pros & Cons

ProsCons
Great colorMore purple fringing than expected for a Sigma lens
Pretty sharp
Fast and accurate focusing in good light
Lightweight

Back


3- Sigma DC DN Contemporary 18-50mm f/2.8

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

APS-C   Contemporary

Ideal for a wide range of photo and video applications including landscapes, portraits, street photography, architecture, and events, the 18-50mm f/2.8 DC DN Contemporary Lens from Sigma is a small, light, and bright standard zoom for crop-sensor mirrorless cameras. Offered here with a Sony E-mount, this lens provides a versatile full-frame equivalent zoom range of 27-75mm and a wide constant aperture of f/2.8 throughout the entire zoom range.

Autofocus is exceptionally fast and quiet thanks to the lens’s stepping motor, which can be particularly useful when shooting video or fast-moving subjects such as children and animals.

An ultimate workhorse, the lens features a minimum focusing distance of just 4.8″, enabling it to be used for macro-style close-up photography, and the lens is also outfitted with a rounded seven-blade diaphragm for a pleasing bokeh quality.

Specifications

Focal Length18 to 50mm (35mm Equivalent Focal Length: 27 to 75mm)
Maximum Aperturef/2.8
Minimum Aperturef/22
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageAPS-C
Angle of View76.5° to 31.7°
Minimum Focus Distance4.8" / 12.1 cm
Maximum Magnification0.36x
Macro Reproduction Ratio1970-01-01 00:01:03
Optical Design13 Elements in 10 Groups
Diaphragm Blades7, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size55 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)2.5 x 2.9" / 64.5 x 74.5 mm
Weight10.2 oz / 290 g

Pros & Cons

ProsCons
Constant f/2.8 apertureNo optical stabilizer
Small and lightweightControls are basic
Impressive image quality

Back


4- Sigma DC DN Contemporary 56mm f/1.4

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

APS-C   Contemporary

An especially sleek portrait-length prime, the 56mm f/1.4 DC DN is part of Sigma’s Contemporary series of lenses and is designed for use with APS-C-format Sony E-mount mirrorless cameras. The lens is characterized by its bright f/1.4 maximum aperture, which suits working in difficult lighting conditions and also offers improved control over depth of field for isolating subjects and working with selective focus techniques.

A super multilayer coating has also been applied to suppress flare and ghosting in order to achieve more contrast and color accuracy when working in strong lighting conditions.

Specifications

Focal Length56mm (35mm Equivalent Focal Length: 84mm)
Maximum Aperturef/1.4
Minimum Aperturef/16
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageAPS-C
Angle of View28.5°
Minimum Focus Distance1.64' / 50 cm
Maximum Magnification0.14x
Optical Design10 Elements in 6 Groups
Diaphragm Blades9, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size55 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)2.62 x 2.34" / 66.5 x 59.5 mm
Weight9.88 oz / 280 g

Pros & Cons

ProsCons
High image qualityNo image stabilization
BrightDifferent focal point on MFT
Nice background blur
Well built
Nice and compact
Light

Back


5- Sigma DG DN Art 14-24mm f/2.8

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame   Art

Created for full-frame Sony E-mount mirrorless cameras, the Sigma 14-24mm f/2.8 DG DN Art Lens provides a versatile range of wide-angle focal lengths with excellent image quality while optimizing size and weight.

As an Art-series zoom, it is a fast f/2.8 constant maximum aperture to suit working in available lighting conditions also distinguishes this lens

Though the full-time manual focus is available, this lens is equipped with a stepping motor that enables smooth, high-speed autofocusing that is notably quiet whether utilizing features such as Face/Eye Detection AF or during video shooting.

A built-in Autofocus-Lock (AFL) button can be assigned additional functions to widen the range of operations available on the lens, while inside, a rounded 11-blade diaphragm improves image quality by helping to create smooth bokeh. Additionally, a built-in lens hood serves to protect the front element as well as prevent stray light from causing flare.

Specifications

Focal Length14 to 24mm
Maximum Aperturef/2.8
Minimum Aperturef/22
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Angle of View114.2° to 84.1°
Minimum Focus Distance11" / 27.94 cm
Maximum Magnification0.14x
Macro Reproduction Ratio1970-01-01 00:01:07
Optical Design18 Elements in 13 Groups
Diaphragm Blades11, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter SizeGel Filter (Rear)
Dimensions (ø x L)3.35 x 5.16" / 85 x 131 mm
Length at Maximum Extension5.23" / 132.8 mm
Weight28.04 oz / 795 g

Pros & Cons

PROSCONS
Ultra-wide angle of view.Resolution drops slightly at 24mm.
Strong optical performance, even at f/2.8.Some visible distortion.
All-weather build.
Fluorine protection.
Rear filter support.
Native design for Sony and L-mount mirrorless systems.

Back


6- Sigma DG DN Contemporary 24mm f/2

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame     Contemporary

A compact wide-angle prime, the Sony E-mount 24mm f/2 DG DN Contemporary Lens from Sigma provides excellent edge-to-edge sharpness in a stylish all-metal design.

An ideal lens for landscape, nature, interior, and architectural photography, the lens provides a modestly bright f/2 maximum aperture for low-light performance and shallow depth of field control.

Additionally, its fast maximum aperture makes it a natural choice for the night sky and astrophotography. In regard to focus, this lens features a stepping motor for quick and quiet AF performance that suits both photo and video applications.

Specifications

Focal Length24 mm
Maximum Aperturef/2
Minimum Aperturef/22
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Minimum focusing distance9.65"
Angle of View84.1°
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Thread62 mm
Weight12.9 oz

Pros & Cons

Pros:Cons:
Beautiful, feature rich constructionDistortion a little high
Includes some weather sealingMuch lower magnification figure than F3.5 version
Fast, quiet autofocus
Smooth and quiet video AF work
Good flare resistance
CA is well controlled
Fairly good coma performance
Excellent sharpness and contrast across the frame even wide open
Compact size
Reasonable price

Back


 

7- Sigma DG DN Art 35mm f/1.4

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame   Art

A classic wide-angle lens updated for full-frame Sony E-mount mirrorless systems, the 35mm f/1.4 DG DN from Sigma is an Art-series prime characterized by its advanced and updated optical design, sleek profile, and bright design.

The f/1.4 maximum aperture enables working in low-light conditions and also provides increased control over the depth of field for achieving shallow depth-of-field effects.

The optical layout incorporates two SLD Special-Low Dispersions, one ELD Extra-Low Dispersion, and one FLD Low Dispersion element. In addition, a Super Multi-Layer Coating enhances image quality by suppressing lens flare and ghosting for improved contrast and color fidelity in strong lighting conditions.

It features a physical aperture ring, which can be de-clicked or locked, along with a dedicated focus mode switch and AFL button for intuitive and tactile control.

For autofocus, a stepping motor is used that maintains a lightweight and compact design while promoting fast and near-silent focusing performance for both stills and video applications. Additionally, the lens features an 11-blade rounded diaphragm for smooth bokeh quality and the lens housing is also weather-sealed to suit working in inclement conditions.

Specifications

Focal Length35mm
Maximum Aperturef/1.4
Minimum Aperturef/16
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Angle of View63.4°
Minimum Focus Distance11.8" / 30 cm
Macro Reproduction Ratio1970-01-01 00:01:05
Optical Design15 Elements in 11 Groups
Diaphragm Blades11, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size67 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)3 x 4.4" / 75.5 x 111.5 mm
Weight22.6 oz / 640 g

Pros & Cons

Pros:Cons:
Good build quality complete with weather sealingLarger and heavier than GM lens
Strikes a good balance of size relative to performance
As feature rich as the GM series
Fast, quiet, accurate autofocus
Incredibly sharp across the frame
Nice bokeh
Good resistance to flare
Aberrations well controlled
Awesome price point

Back


 

8- Sigma DG DN Art 24-70mm f/2.8

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame   Art

As part of the Art line, this lens is designed to achieve truly notable optical performance and is ideally suited for creative and artistic applications. It features a constant f/2.8 maximum aperture that is well-suited for working in available light conditions and provides greater control over depth of field when using shallow depth of field techniques.

The integrated stepping motor realizes quick and quiet autofocus, further complemented by an optimized AF algorithm to produce smoother focusing performance.

Specifications

Focal Length24 to 70mm
Maximum Aperturef/2.8
Minimum Aperturef/22
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Angle of View84.1° to 34.3°
Minimum Focus Distance7.09" / 18 cm
Maximum Magnification0.34x
Optical Design19 Elements in 15 Groups
Diaphragm Blades11, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size82 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)3.46 x 4.84" / 87.8 x 122.9 mm
Length at Maximum Extension6.2" / 157.5 mm
Weight1.84 lb / 835 g

Pros & Cons

Pros:Cons:
Pro-grade build competes with Sony GMPronounced barrel distortion at 24mm
Weather sealing throughout lensPoor flare resistance
Fast, quiet, and accurate autofocusFairly large and heavy
Eye AF works wellFocus quality isn’t as good at very close focus distances
Good image sharpness across the focal range and image frame
Good color and contrast
Fairly good coma performance
Good bokeh for a standard zoom
Excellent price-to-performance ratio

Back


9- Sigma DG DN Art 85mm f/1.4

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame   Art

A classic portrait-length lens updated for full-frame Sony E-mount mirrorless systems, the Sigma 85mm f/1.4 DG DN is an Art-series prime characterized by its advanced and updated optical design, sleek profile, and bright design.

The f/1.4 maximum aperture enables working in low-light conditions and also provides increased control over depth of field for achieving shallow depth of field effects.

The optical layout incorporates a series of low dispersion, aspherical, and high refractive index elements and its large diameter design achieves a notable degree of clarity and sharpness with well-controlled distortion and aberrations.

Balancing the optics is a refined exterior design, which features a physical aperture ring, which can be de-clicked or locked, along with a dedicated focus mode switch and AFL button for intuitive and tactile control.

For autofocus, a stepping motor is used that maintains a lightweight and compact design while promoting fast and near-silent focusing performance for both stills and video applications. Additionally, the lens features an 11-blade rounded diaphragm for smooth bokeh quality and the lens housing is also weather-sealed to suit working in inclement conditions.

Specifications

Focal Length85mm
Maximum Aperturef/1.4
Minimum Aperturef/16
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Angle of View28.6°
Minimum Focus Distance2.79' / 85 cm
Maximum Magnification0.12x
Optical Design15 Elements in 11 Groups
Diaphragm Blades11, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size77 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)3.26 x 3.78" / 82.8 x 96.1 mm
Weight1.38 lb / 625 g

Pros & Cons

PROSCONS
Weather-resistant constructionSignificant pincushion distortion
Great image quality overallLacks optical image stabilization
Beautiful bokeh
Accurate and precise autofocus
Competitively priced alternative to the Sony 85mm f1.4 G Master
Much more compact than the Sigma 85mm f1.4 DG HSM Art

Back


10- Sigma DG DN Art 105mm f/2.8 macro

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame   Art

The Sony E-mount 105mm f/2.8 DG DN Macro Art Lens, from Sigma, is a short-telephoto prime optimized for macro use. With a minimum focusing distance of 11.6″, and a 5.5″ working distance, this lens offers a life-size, 1:1 reproduction ratio for accurate rendering of close-up subjects.

Its optical design incorporates one SLD element, which also helps to realize high clarity and color accuracy by suppressing various aberrations and color fringing. A Super Multi-Layer Coating has also been applied, which controls flare and ghosting for greater contrast.

This lens sports a Hyper-Sonic Motor for quick and quiet AF performance and intuitive full-time manual focus control. A focus limiter switch also helps to boost focusing speed and precision, and there is also a customizable AFL button and dedicated focus mode switch.

Additionally, the lens features a nine-blade rounded diaphragm for smooth bokeh quality and the lens housing is also weather-sealed to suit working in inclement conditions.

Specifications

Focal Length105mm
Maximum Aperturef/2.8
Minimum Aperturef/22
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Angle of View23.3°
Minimum Focus Distance11.6" / 29.5 cm
Maximum Magnification1x
Macro Reproduction Ratio1970-01-01 01:01:00
Optical Design12 Elements in 7 Groups
Diaphragm Blades9, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationNo
Filter Size62 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)2.9 x 5.3" / 74 x 135.6 mm
Length at Maximum Extension5.35" / 135.9 mm
Weight1.6 lb / 710 g

Pros & Cons

ProsCons
Excellent build qualitySome will miss having stabilization in the lens
Feature rich – equal to GM seriesManual focus isn’t as precise as on the Sony 90G Macro
Amazing sharpness across the frameAutofocus motor isn’t as quiet or refined as the best
Great contrast
Almost no aberrations
Great color rendition
Quality, soft bokeh
Good price to performance ratio

Back


11- Sigma DG DN OS Sports 150-600mm f/5-6.3

Sigma Lens for Sony E Mount- Go for the affordable option

Full frame   Sports

Ideal for wildlife, sports, landscapes, motorsports, and countless other photographic endeavors, the Sony E-mount 150-600mm f/5-6.3 DG DN OS Sports Lens from Sigma offers the features and image quality that professionals demand.

This lens provides high rendering throughout the entire zoom range at all apertures, and ghosting, flare, and various types of aberrations are all well-controlled.

An updated and redesigned autofocus system offers both speed and precision by incorporating an AF actuator driven by a stepping motor, as well as a high-precision magnetic sensor.

Optical image stabilization delivers approximately four stops of compensation, with two standard OS modes for both handheld shooting and panning situations.

A new Zoom Torque switch gives users the option to adjust the level of zoom ring resistance from Lock (locked at the wide end for transport), Tight (prevents zoom creep), and Smooth (for easy, smooth zooming).

Additional on-lens controls include a Focus Limiter switch, OS Mode switch, a Custom switch for custom OS settings, and three customizable AFL buttons.

Specifications

Focal Length150 to 600mm
Maximum Aperturef/5 to 6.3
Minimum Aperturef/22 to 29
Lens MountSony E
Lens Format CoverageFull-Frame
Angle of View16.4° to 4.1°
Minimum Focus Distance22.8" / 58 cm
Maximum Magnification0.34x
Macro Reproduction Ratio1970-01-01 00:01:03
Optical Design25 Elements in 15 Groups
Diaphragm Blades9, Rounded
Focus TypeAutofocus
Image StabilizationYes
Tripod CollarRemovable
Filter Size95 mm (Front)
Dimensions (ø x L)4.3 x 10.5" / 10.9 x 26.7 cm
Weight74.1 oz / 2.1 kg

Pros & Cons

PROSCONS
Sharp results across zoom rangeSmall f-stop isn't great for low light
Dust, splash, and fluorine protectionLimits Sony a1 and a9 continuous drive speed
Two zoom tension settings
Outstanding stabilization

Back


Related Posts

Sony Digital Camera Lenses- The Best Picks

Best Sigma Lenses For Nikon

Best Sigma Lenses For Canon – Go For Third Party

 

Thanks for reading, I hope you enjoyed the article, in case you have any questions just drop them below & I will be happy to answer you.

If you enjoy the site, don’t forget to subscribe, we will only inform you when a new article is posted.

How Can We Help?

Please wait

Thank you for sign up!

Tags from the story
Written By
More from Amin Hashem

Best Video Camera for Vloggers- The Low Budget Options

Recent research concluded that video would account for 82% of all online...
Read More

4 Comments

  • Thank you very much for this valuable detailed post about Sigma Lens For Sony E Mount. Actually I have little knowledge about photography. I also think sony e mount is very good. But more expensive. Looking at that, I think sigm lens is a very good choice. Keep posting like this. I definitely share this.

  • I love my Sony camera. They are an excellent brand with good quality pictures and videos. I have to agree that sometimes when it comes to buying extra lenses, it’s cheaper and more affordable to go with a new brand, as the affordable brands can sometimes be better than the name brands like Sony. Going to share your review with my social media followers. 

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.